Conclusion.

Assalamualaikum readers :)

Here the conclusion out of all the chapters that i have been share with all of you. Hope you will like it :)

In general, increased economic openness seems to have had, at worst, a benign effect on emissions of localised pollutants, such as SO2, NO2 and PM (particulate matter). However, it is not clear how the relative price changes that result from openness will affect the environmental composition of economic activity: some countries will produce more environmentally intensive goods, others will produce fewer. On the other hand, liberalisation will raise incomes, perhaps increasing the willingness-to-pay for environmental improvements: such income effects could well outweigh the negative scale effects associated with increased economic activity. When combined with the positive effects associated with technology transfer, the net effect of globalisation on local pollutants is quite possibly a positive one.

However, the evidence concerning carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions is less encouraging. Here, the evidence suggests that the net effect of trade liberalisation could be negative. One of the explanations for the pessimistic assessments of trade’s impact on greenhouse gas emissions is their global nature. Not only are the costs of CO2 emissions shared with citizens abroad, but many greenhouse gas emissions are associated with fossil fuel use, for which few economically viable substitutes have emerged to date. The income and other technique effects that are largely responsible for reductions in local air pollutants do not seem to have the same force when the pollutant in question burdens the global population – and requires global solutions – rather than just citizens residing within any one government’s jurisdiction.

Lots Of Love,

Amira binti Azmi